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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">jscr</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed">JSCR</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JSCR</journal-id>
      <issn>2042-8812</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>JSCR</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">JSCR 2011 12:5</article-id><article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Articles</subject>
          <subj-group><subject>Plastic Surgery</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>

        <article-title>Primary  lung  cancer  presenting  as  metastasis  to  the  big  toe</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author">
		 <name>
			<surname>Nicholson</surname>
			<given-names>S </given-names>
		 </name>
		 <role>doctor</role>
	  </contrib><contrib contrib-type="author">
		 <name>
			<surname>Mohamed</surname>
			<given-names>I </given-names>
		 </name>
		 <role>doctor</role>
	  </contrib><contrib contrib-type="author">
		 <name>
			<surname>Tahir</surname>
			<given-names>A </given-names>
		 </name>
		 <role>doctor</role>
	  </contrib><contrib contrib-type="author">
		 <name>
			<surname>Antunes</surname>
			<given-names>G </given-names>
		 </name>
		 <role>doctor</role>
	  </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <pub-date pub-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>

      <volume>2011</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
		
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
      <copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2012, JSCR</copyright-statement>

      <copyright-year>2012, </copyright-year>
      </permissions>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body><![CDATA[<h2>ABSTRACT</h2>
A  62-year-old  man  presented  with  a  6-week  history  of  shortness  of  breath,  weight  loss  and  painful  swelling  of  the  great  toe.  Examination  elicited  an  ulcerated  swelling  of  the  right  great  toe,  thought  to  be  an  ingrowing  toenail.  Chest  ‘crackles’  and  an  enlarged  supraclavicular  lymph  node  were  detected.  Biopsies  of  the  toe  swelling  and  bronchi  both  showed  squamous  cell  carcinoma,  confirmed  radiologically  as  stage  IV  lung  cancer.  The  patient  was  referred  for  palliative  amputation  of  the  toe.  Cancer  metastases  to  the  digits  may  arise  in  bone,  before  enlarging  to  invade  skin,  or  arise  in  skin  first.  20-60%  of  cutaneous  metastases  present  before  or  at  the  same  time  as  the  primary  lung  tumour.  Cutaneous  metastases  and  those  in  the  digits  indicate  very  poor  prognosis.  Their  prompt  diagnosis  and  management  can  dramatically  improve  a  patient’s  quality  of  life  and  should  be  strived  for.
<h2><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></h2>
Cutaneous  metastasis  of  lung  tumours  are  rare,  occurring  in  0-4%  of  cases (<a href="#1">1</a>).  They  indicate  a  very  poor  prognosis;  mean  survival  has  been  reported  as  5-6  months (<a href="#2">2</a>). Metastases  to  the  digits  may  initially  arise  in  bone,  before  enlarging  locally  to  invade  skin,  or  arise  in  skin  first (<a href="#3">3</a>).

We  describe  the  case  of  a  non-small  cell  lung  cancer  presenting  as  metastasis  in  the  great  toe,  demonstrating  how  advanced  the  disease  may  be  at  the  time  of  presentation  and  how  metastases  may  be  mis-diagnosed.  The  clinical  and  pathological  features  of  such  metastases  are  discussed.
<h2><strong>CASE REPORT</strong></h2>
A  62-year-old  male  was  admitted  for  investigations  following  a  6-week history  of  increasing  shortness  of  breath,  weight  loss,  and  swellings  of  the  right  great  toe  and  right  elbow.  His  toe  had  felt  hot  for  6  weeks,  and  in  the  latter  2  weeks  had  discharged  pus,  become  itchy  and  developed  a  burning  sensation  before  becoming  swollen.  He  had  developed  a  productive  cough,  a  reduced  exercise  tolerance  and  had  recently given  up  smoking.

The  patient’s  medical  history  included  chronic  obstructive  pulmonary  disease,  idiopathic  pulmonary  fibrosis  and  cerebrovascular  disease.  He  was  on  appropriate  medication  including  aspirin,  his  alcohol  intake  was  minimal  and  he  was  a  retired  plasterer.

Examination  showed  a  swollen,  foul  smelling  raw  area  at  the  distal  phalanx  of  right  great  toe  with  overlying  slough.  There  was  erythema  and  pain  initially  thought  to  be  consistent  with  infection  from  an  ingrowing  toenail  (Fig. 1).  A  firm,  3cm  wide,  rubber-like  swelling  was  noted  at  the  lateral  aspect  of  the  right  elbow  that  was  not  tethered  to  skin,  but  was  fixed  to  underlying  structures.  It  was  neither  hot,  red  nor  tender.  Fine  crackles  were  heard  at  the  right  lung  base  and  there  was  an  enlarged  right  supraclavicular  lymph  node  and  associated  digital  clubbing.

[caption id="attachment_17580" align="alignleft" width="240" caption="Fig. 1: Clinical  appearance  of  the  right  great  toe  at  presentation. "]<a href="http://jscr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fig.-1.jpg"><img class="size-thumbnail wp-image-17580" title="Fig. 1: Clinical  appearance  of  the  right  great  toe  at  presentation. " src="http://jscr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fig.-1-240x180.jpg" alt="Fig. 1: Clinical  appearance  of  the  right  great  toe  at  presentation. " width="240" height="180" /></a>[/caption]

A  chest  radiograph  demonstrated  consolidation  in  the  right  lower  zone.  X-ray  of  the  right  great  toe  (Fig. 2)  showed  destruction  of  the  distal  phalanx  with  adjacent  soft  tissue  swelling,  and  of  the  right  elbow  showed  soft  tissue  swelling  over  the  lateral  aspect  with  possible  cortical  destruction  of  the  lateral  epicondyle  (Fig. 3).

[caption id="attachment_17581" align="alignleft" width="240" caption="Fig. 2: Radiograph  of  right  great  toe  demonstrating  osteolysis  of  distal  phalanx  with  adjacent  soft  tissue  swelling  but  no  periosteal  reaction."]<a href="http://jscr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fig.-2.png"><img class="size-thumbnail wp-image-17581" title="Fig. 2: Radiograph  of  right  great  toe  demonstrating  osteolysis  of  distal  phalanx  with  adjacent  soft  tissue  swelling  but  no  periosteal  reaction." src="http://jscr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fig.-2-240x180.png" alt="Fig. 2: Radiograph  of  right  great  toe  demonstrating  osteolysis  of  distal  phalanx  with  adjacent  soft  tissue  swelling  but  no  periosteal  reaction." width="240" height="180" /></a>[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_17582" align="alignleft" width="240" caption="Fig. 3: Radiograph  of  right  elbow  demonstrating  a  soft  tissue  swelling  over  the  lateral  epicondyle."]<a href="http://jscr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fig.-3.png"><img class="size-thumbnail wp-image-17582" title="Fig. 3: Radiograph  of  right  elbow  demonstrating  a  soft  tissue  swelling  over  the  lateral  epicondyle." src="http://jscr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fig.-3-240x180.png" alt="Fig. 3: Radiograph  of  right  elbow  demonstrating  a  soft  tissue  swelling  over  the  lateral  epicondyle." width="240" height="180" /></a>[/caption]

A  CT  scan  showed  an  8.8cm  soft  tissue  mass  occluding  the  right  lower  lobe  bronchus  (Fig. 4),  bilateral  nodules  suspicious  of  pulmonary  metastases,  and  lymphadenopathy  in  the  right  hilar,  paratracheal  and  anterior  mediastinal  regions.  In  addition  there  were  foci  of  reduced  attenuation  in  the  liver  and  thoracic  skeletal  metastasis  with  imminent  cord  compression  at  T4.

[caption id="attachment_17583" align="alignleft" width="240" caption="Fig. 4: CT  scan  of  chest  demonstrating  primary  lung  tumour  in  the  right  lower  lobe."]<a href="http://jscr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fig.-4.jpg"><img class="size-thumbnail wp-image-17583" title="Fig. 4: CT  scan  of  chest  demonstrating  primary  lung  tumour  in  the  right  lower  lobe." src="http://jscr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Fig.-4-240x180.jpg" alt="Fig. 4: CT  scan  of  chest  demonstrating  primary  lung  tumour  in  the  right  lower  lobe." width="240" height="180" /></a>[/caption]

Bronchoscopy  demonstrated  infiltrative  irregular  mucosa,  highly  suspicious  of  malignancy.  Biopsy  of  this  provided  a  histological  diagnosis  of  squamous  cell  carcinoma.  Punch  biopsies  of  the  ulcerated  great  toe  swelling  also  showed  squamous  cell  carcinoma.  The  presumed  metastasis  at  the  right  elbow  was  not  confirmed  histologically  as  it  was  asymptomatic  and  the  focus  of  treatment  was  elsewhere.

A  staging  of  T4N3M1b  (stage  IV)  non-small  cell  lung  cancer  was  made  following  multidisciplinary  discussion.  The  patient  was  referred  to  plastic  surgeons  for  palliative  amputation  of  the  toe,  which  was  undertaken  4  weeks  following  histological  diagnosis.  The  patient  reported  an  improvement  in  pain  at  the  amputation  site  at  first  follow-up  1  week  post-operatively.  Due  to  a  performance  status  of  WHO  grade  3  the  patient  was  not  a  candidate  for  palliative  chemotherapy,  but  five  fractions  of  palliative  radiotherapy  were  administered  urgently  to  the  T4  spinal  metastasis,  which  allowed  the  patient  to  remain  ambulant  until  his  death  2  months  following  histological  diagnosis.  This  survival  time  was  shorter  than  the  previously  reported  5-6  months  from  detection  of  cutaneous  metastases;  some  patients  in  the  quoted  studies  had  received  chemotherapy(2).
<h2><strong>DISCUSSION</strong></h2>
Lung  cancer  is  known  to  metastasize  to  all  organ  systems  of  the  body (<a href="#4">4</a>),  though  skin  is  only  the  12<sup>th</sup> most  common  site  in  non-small  cell  tumours (<a href="#1">1</a>).  A  review  of  579  cases  of  lung  cancer  elicited  cutaneous  metastases  in  16  (2.8%)  of  which  all  had  accompanying  metastases  in  other  organs (<a href="#5">5</a>).  In  the  latter  study,  a  median  survival  of  4  months  was  observed  following  development  of  cutaneous  metastases.  As  demonstrated  well  by  this  case,  20-60%  of  cutaneous  metastases  present  before  or  at  the  same  time  as  the  primary  lung  tumour (<a href="#2">2</a>).

Metastasis  to  the  digits  is  thought  to  mainly  arise  in  the  bone  first,  before  enlarging  locally  to  invade  the  skin  but  it  can  occur  in  skin  first (<a href="#3">3</a>).  The  presentation  is  variable,  but  swelling,  erythema,  pain  and  fluctuance  may  be  considered  typical.  Hence  cutaneous  metastases  from  many  primary  tumours  are  often  confused  with  infection,  inflammation,  cysts,  osteomyelitis  and  gout  among  other  conditions (<a href="#6">6</a>),  thereby  delaying  diagnosis.  It  is  not  clear  whether  the  metastasis  in  this  patient’s  toe  arose  in  the  skin,  bone,  or  other  tissue.  The  histology  report  from  the  amputation  stated  that   the  tumour  ‘invades  bone’,  implying  that  it’s  tissue  of  origin  was  outside  the  bone.  Certainly  the  clinical  appearance  was  in  keeping  with  a  cutaneous  metastasis.

A  series  of  133  digital  metastases  from  various  types  of  primary  tumour  showed  only  8%  occurred  as  solitary  metastases  in  the  great  toe,  compared  to  86%  in  the  fingers (<a href="#3">3</a>).  The  rarity  of  digital  metastasis  is  thought  to  be  due  to  the  relative  absence  of  red  marrow  in  the  digital  bones.

The  mechanism  by  which  lung  cancer  metastasises  to  distal  peripheries  is  thought  to  be  via  extension  through  the  valves  of  the  vertebral  venous  system,  to  lumbar  spinal  and  iliofemoral  veins  in  which  incompetent  valves  allow  distal  passage  of  emboli,  aided  by  gravity (<a href="#3">3</a>).  Interestingly,  the  tumour  in  this  case  seemed  to  almost  exclusively  involve  the  right  side  of  the  patient’s  body,  which  given  the  above  proposed  mechanism,  may  not  be  entirely  due  to  chance.  It  has  also  been  suggested  that  chemotactic  factors  released  following  trauma  may  contribute  to  migration  of  tumour  emboli  and  adherence  to  injured  tissue (<a href="#7">7</a>),  and  the  great  toe  is  a  frequently  injured  site.

This  case  highlights  how  advanced  lung  cancer  may  be  at  the  time  of  presentation,  with  multiple  widespread  distant  metastases  presenting  in  a  narrow  time  period.  Cutaneous  metastases  and  those  in  the  digits  indicate  a  very  poor  prognosis,  with  palliative  treatment  frequently  being  the  only  option.  A  diagnosis  of  metastatic  disease  should  be  considered  in  patients  with  risk  factors  for,  or  known  cancer,  particularly  when  microbiological  anaylsis  and  antibiotic  treatment  for  presumed  infection  has  failed  to  improve  symptoms.  Prompt  diagnosis  and  management  of  these  metastases  can  dramatically  improve  a  patient’s  quality  of  life  and  should  be  strived  for.
<h2>REFERENCES</h2>
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<li><a name="2">Mollet  T  W,  Garcia  C  A,  Koester  G.  Skin  metastases  from  lung  cancer.  Dermatol.  Online  J,  2009;15(5):1</a></li>
<li><a name="3">Garcia-Arpa  P  M,  Rodriguez-Vazquez  M,  Sanchez-Caminero  P  et  al.  Metástasis  digital  acral.  Actas  Dermosifiliogr,  2006;97:334-6</a></li>
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<li><a name="5">Hidaka  T,  Ishii  Y,  Kitamura  S.  Clinical  Features  of  Skin  Metastasis  from  Lung  Cancer.  Internal  Med,  1996;35(6):459-62</a></li>
<li><a name="6">Spiteri  V,  Bibra  A,  Ashwood  N  et  al.  Managing  acrometastases  treatment  strategy  with  a  case  illustration.  Ann  Roy  Coll  Surg,  2008; 90:1-4 (doi:10.1308/147870808X303137)</a></li>
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